Keywords: Romans (Niketas Oryphas) punish Cretan Saracens.jpg en Niketas Oryphas punishes the Saracens of Crete The Madrid Skylitzes; Vasiliki Tsamakda The Illustrated Chronicle of Ionnes Skylitzes in Madrid Leiden 2002 anonymous century 12 PD-old-100 Madrid Skylitzes Torture in art Byzantine “Arab Wars Emirate of Crete Slavery in Islam |