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| View Original: | US Navy ELF transmitter map.png (431x226) | |||
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| Keywords: US Navy ELF transmitter map.png extremely low frequency ELF transmitters in Clam Lake Wisconsin and Republic Michigan USA used by the U S Navy from 1989 to 2004 to communicate with submarines From a U S Navy public relations pamphlet The <font color red >red lines</font> show the paths of the huge ground dipole antennas consisting of 14 to 28 mile power transmission lines grounded at the ends which radiated the ELF waves This is one of only two ELF transmitter facilities that have been constructed; the other is the Russian Navy ZEVS transmitter on the Kola Penninsula in northern Russia <br> The radiation pattern of each ground dipole antenna is maximum along the axis of the transmission line so each transmitter had perpendicular ground dipoles to allow it to transmit in any direction The Clam Lake WI transmitter left consisted of two crossed 14 mi long ground dipoles one oriented north-south the other east-west The Republic MI transmitter consisted of two 14 mi transmission lines oriented east-west and one 28 mi line oriented north-south the specific shape of the antenna has no significance and was dictated by land availability Each site had a 1 megawatt transmitter which drove the lines with currents of 150-300 amperes The two sites were normally operated phase-synchronized as one antenna with an output power of 8 watts but could operate separately to improve survivability 2001 Copied from Navy public relations pamphlet - http //www fas org/nuke/guide/usa/c3i/fs_clam_lake_elf2003 pdf U S Navy Fact File Extremely Low Frequency Transmitter site Clam Lake Wisconsin downloaded 2012-05-22 from http //www fas org/ Federation of American Scientists website Neither the image nor the source document contained any copyright attributions United States Navy PD-USGov-Military-Navy Category Facilities of the United States Navy | ||||
